part_of
develops_from
adipose_tissue
Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.
alary_cartilage
second upper labial
processus alaris
naseflngelknorpel
Paired, cup-shaped cartilage that are dorsal to the septomaxillae and anterior to the oblique cartilage. The anterior, convex face of each alary cartilage is synchondrotically fused to the superior prenasal cartilage and the ventral edge is fused to the superior margin of the crista intermedia.
alinasal cartilage
cartilago alaris
cartilago alaris nasi
cartilago cupullaris
copula anterior
alary_process_of_premaxilla
pars frontalis of premaxilla
pars facialis of premaxilla
pars dorsalis of premaxilla
dorsal process of premaxilla
processus frontalis of premaxilla
processus ascendens of premaxilla
processus nasalis of premaxilla
pars prenasalis of premaxilla
premaxillary spine
Dorsal process that extends toward the nasal bone. The posterior (inner) face of each alary process is concave and is invested dorsomedially by the superior prenasal cartilage and ventromedially by the inferior prenasal cartilage.
alveolar_foramen
inferior dental foramen
Foramen for the R. alveolaris of Nerve VII and the alveolar artery.
anatomical_system
angular
postoperculare
praearticulare
angulosplenial_coronoid_process
Point of insertion of the adductor mandibulae musculature.
animal_tissue
anterior_maxillary_process
Process that extends anteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the medial face of the pars facialis of the maxilla.
anterior_nasal_wall
Paired, vertical, and relatively straight plates that form the anterior limit of the nasal capsule.
prenasal wall
solum anterius
anterior_process_of_pars_palatina_of_maxilla
anterior_ramus_of_pterygoid
In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends anteriorly towards the maxilla.
ramus maxillaris of pterygoid
anterolateral_process_of_frontoparietal
antorbital_process
apertura_nasalis_externa
external naris
external nostril
nostril
Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior.
apertura_nasalis_interna
internal naris
Choana
internal nostril
Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal and buccal cavites.
areolar_connective_tissue
Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs.
articular
angulaire
angulare
dermarticulare
goniale
operculo angulaire
Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage.
ascending_process_of_palatoquadrate
cartilage craniofacial
apophyse ascendens
schlafenflugelknorpel
processus ascendens of palatoquadrate
pediculus
pedicle
oberste abteilung des zweiten visceralbogens
auditory_muscles
autonomic_nervous_system
axial_skeleton
The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.
vertebral column
spinal column
basal_process_of_palatoquadrate
processus basalis
Process that extends medially from the ventromedial corner of the palatoquadrate cartilage and articulates or fuses to the anterior wall of the otic capsule via the basitrabecular process.
basicranial_fontanelle
Ventral opening of the neurocranium.
basimandibulare
basioccipital
basisphenoid
Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase.
bidders_organ
blastoderm
blastodisc
blastomere
blastopore
blood
Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.
bone
Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs; organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.
bottle_cells
braincase_and_auditory_apparatus
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and surrounds the inner ear.
braincase_and_otic_capsule_opening
braincase_and_otic_capsule_skeleton
buccal_cavity
buccopharyngeal_cavity
canalis_semircularis_anterior
canalis_semircularis_posterior
capsular_process
Narrow process of the skeletal support that projects forward.
cartilage
A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.
cartilage_bridge
cartilago_ectochoanalis
Lateral cartilaginous border of the fenestra endochoanalis.
cartilago_infranarina
cartilago_orbitalis
dorsale randspange
cartilago_prootico-occipitalis
cartilago_retronarina
caudal-sacral_region
Region of the vertebral column posterior to the sacrum consisting of two to four vertebrae. The last of these vertebrae is distinguished by the possession of a well-developed haemal arch; it supports the posterior part of the cloaca and marks the posterior limit of the trunk.
caudal_muscles
caudal_region
Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches.
tail region
postsacral region
cavum_inferius
Accessory cavity located ventral to the cavum principale and cavum medius.
cavum_internasale
cavum_medius
Small accessory cavity located between the cavum principale and cavum inferius.
cavum_praenasale
cavum_principale
Largest and most dorsal of the nasal cavities.
central_nervous_system
cervical_muscles
cervical_region
Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae.
choana
Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.
chondrocranium
cloaca
connective_tissue
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.
connective_tissue_proper
coronoid
coronoid_teeth
cranial_muscles
cranial_nerves
cranial_skeleton
Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium.
crista_contacta
Thin, horizontal ridge that extends medially from the corpus of the septomaxilla; it lays on the lamina inferior.
crista_dentalis_of_maxilla
crista_dentalis_of_premaxilla
dental ridge of premaxilla
crista_intermedia
Paired, oblique plates of cartilage located ventral to the alary cartilages. The dorsomedial margin of each crista intermedia is fused to the transitional zone between the septum nasi and the tectum nasi, whereas the ventrolateral margin bears two laminae, the lamina superior and the lamina inferior.
crista_lateralis_of_premaxilla
crista_parotica
processus muscularis capsulae auditivae
tegmen tympani
processus squamosus
crista_subnasalis
Ventral crest of the paries nasi.
subnasal crest
crista_supraorbitalis
Short and blunt process that extends posteriorly from the posteromedial margin of the postnasal wall, on the anterodorsal corner of the orbit above the medial orbitonasal foramen.
cutaneous_muscles
dense_connective_tissue
Also known as fibrous connective tissue. Forms ligaments and tendons and is characterized by densely packed collagen fibers that have great tensile strength.
dentary
dentale
Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of the mentomeckelian bone and Meckel's cartilage, thus forming the lateral margin of the mandible.
os dentale
sur-angulaire
dentary_teeth
dentition
Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth.
dermis
digestive_system
digestive_system_glands
dilatatio_alaris
ventral flange of anterior ramus of pterygoid
Flange that extends ventrally from about the middle portion of the margo mandibularis.
dorsal_plate
ductus_endolymphaticus
ductus_perilymphaticus
ectoderm
embryonic_structure
endoderm
endolymphatic_system
epaxial_muscles
epidermis
epithelium
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissues composed of layers of cells that cover organ surfaces such as surface of the skin and inner lining of digestive tract.
esophagus
eustachian_canal
Furrow on the ventral surface of the otic capsule, and occasionally also the parasphenoid, that houses the Eustachian tube.
exoccipital
occipitale laterale
exoccipitale
Endochondral bone that forms the posterior end of the neurocranium and the margin of the foramen magnum. In addition, this bone contributes to the posteromedial portion of the otic capsule and forms the occipital condyle.
pleurooccipitale
opisthoticum
extremitas_anterior
Large anterior outgrowth of the septomaxilla that is directed into the space between the alary cartilage and the lamina inferior.
anterior ramus
eye_muscles
fat_bodies
fenestra_dorsalis_nasi
fenestra_endochoanalis
fenestra exochoanalis
Opening on the ventral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis interna.
fenestra_endonarina_communis
narial fenestra
Opening on the anterolateral aspect of the nasal capsule. It contains the apertura nasalis externa.
apertura nasalis externa
fenestra narina
fenestra_lateralis_nasi
Opening on the lateral side of the nasal capsule.
fenestra retronarina
fenestra infraconchalis
fenestra_nasobasalis
nasobasal fenestra
foramen epiphaniale
Small opening at the anterior tip of the nasal capsule, on the floor of the cavum inferius. It is located medially to the base of the inferior prenasal cartilage and serves for the passage of the ramus medialis narium and arteria orbitonasalis.
basal fenestra
fenestra basalis nasi
foramen apicale
fenestra_nasolateralis
Elongated opening located on the lateral side of the nasal capsule.
fenestra_ovalis
fenestra vestibuli
foramen ovale
fenestra_precerebralis
fenestra_prechoanalis
Large opening of the nasal floor anterior to the fenestra endochoanalis.
flange_of_quadratojugal
footplate_of_pars_media_plectri
otostapes
pars otica columellae
pseudooperculum
interstapediale
fenestral plate
Independent, horizontal bar of cartilage located on the anterior part of the fenestra ovalis in front of the pars interna plectri.
foramen_acusticum
acoustic foramen
foramen_acusticum_anterius
foramen_acusticum_maius
foramen_acusticum_minus
foramen_acusticum_posterius
foramen_endolymphaticum
endolymphatic foramen
foramen_orbitonasale_laterale
foramen_orbitonasale_mediale
foramen orbitonasale
canalis orbitonasalis medialis
canalis orbitonasalis
foramen_perilymphaticum
foramen_perilymphaticum_accessorium
foramen_perilymphaticum_superius
superior perilymphatic formaen
foramen rotundum
foramen_perilymphaticus_inferius
inferior perilymphatic foramen
foramen pro aquaeducto cochleae
fore_propodium
Segment of the forearm corresponding to the humerus.
fore_epipodium
Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna.
antibrachium
fore_mesopodium
Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end.
forelimb_skeleton
Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages.
forelimb_muscles_proper
forelimb_muscles
forelimb
Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle.
frontal
frontoparietal
os fronto-parietale
parietaux
parietofrontal
Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the braincase.
fronto-parietaux
frontoparietal_constriction
frontoparietal_fontanelle
Dorsal opening of the neurocranium.
germ_ring
glands
gonad
hind_epipodium
Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula.
hind_limb_skeleton
Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages.
hind_limb_muscles_proper
hind_limb
Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle.
hind_mesopodium
Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end.
hind_metapodium
Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.
hindlimb_muscles
hyobranchial_muscles
hyoid_apparatus
hyobranchial apparatus
Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus.
hyolaryngeal_complex
Complex formed by two units, the hyoid and laryngeal apparatuses, which are both derived from the larval hyobranchial skeleton.
hypaxial_muscles
hypoblast
inferior_prenasal_cartilage
processus prenasalis inferior lateralis
processus prenasalis inferior
Elongate cartilage that extends anteroventrally from the solum nasi to abut the ventral portion of the posterior aspect of the alary process of the premaxilla. It was first discribed by Wiedersheim in 1876.
inferior prenasal process
infrarrostral_cartilage
inner_ear
integument
intestines
jaw_muscles
jugular_foramen
Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa.
kidney
lagena
lamella_alaris
Dorsal plate of the squamosal.
horizontal arm of squamosal
lamina_anterior_of_pars_facialis
lamina_inferior
Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the floor of the cavum medium.
lamina inferior cristae intermediae
lamina_nariochoanalis
Free, dorsal margin of the lamina inferior.
lamina_orbitonasalis
In the larva, structure that is fused to the wall of the braincase, lateral to the olfactory foramen, and separates the nasal capsule and orbit. In the adult frog it constitutes the ventral part of postnasal wall.
lamina_precerebralis
Posterior face of septum nasi.
lamina_superior
Lateral expansion of the crista intermedia that serves as the roof of the cavum medium.
Lamina superior cristae intermediae
larval_structure
laryngeal_apparatus
Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring.
larynx
lateral_line_system
lower_jaw
Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.
lower_jaw_opening
lower_jaw_skeleton
lungs
mandibular_symphysis
margo_mandibularis_of_pterygoid
Ventrally directed margin that connects the anterior and posterior rami of the pterygoid.
margo_orbitalis_of_maxilla
Dorsal margin of the maxilla between the frontal and zygomatico-maxillary processes.
margo_orbitalis_of_pterygoid
Margin that connects the anterior and medial rami of the pterygoid.
margo_orbitalis_of_squamosal
Anterior margin of the squamosal that takes part in the formation of the orbit.
margo_tympanicus_of_pterygoid
Margin that connects the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid.
maxilla
Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae.
os maxillo-jugaux
os maxillare superior
os maxillaire
maxillary_teeth
maxillopalatine
Meckel's_cartilage
Paired, rod-shaped elements that extend the length of the mandible and lie between the dentaries and the angulosplenials.
medial_inferior_prenasal_cartilage
medial_orbitonasal_foramen
Opening on the postnasal wall for the medial branch (= ramus medialis nasi) of the ophthalmicus nerve.
medial_ramus_of_pterygoid
In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends medially towards the otic capsule.
ramus interior of pterygoid
median_prenasal_process
processus prenasalis medius
Anterior projection of the septum nasi that protrudes through the anterior nasal wall.
median_symphysis
mental_foramen
mentomeckelian
Paired, cylindrical, and small bones of endochondral origin that lie anteromedial to the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage. The precursors of the mentomeckelian bones are the larval infrarostral cartilages.
mesethmoid
Endochondral ossification of the anteromedial portion of the braincase.
mesoderm
muscle_tissue
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.
muscular_system
narial_muscles
naris
nasal
Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule.
supraethmoid
nasenstirnbein
nasale
fronto-nasaux
fronto-nasale
frontaux anterieurs
nasal_capsule
Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium.
nasal_cavity
Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue.
nasal_opening
nasal_skeleton
Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts.
nasopremaxilla
nervous_system
nervous_tissue
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
notochord
Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.
oblique_cartilage
Semi-circular cartilaginous sheet that lies lateral to the side of the septum nasi.
cartilago obliqua
dorsal process
lamina obliqua
cartilago obliqua nasi
cartilago obliquo
occipital_condyle
oculomotor_foramen
olfactory_foramen
olfactory_system
optic_fenestra
optic_foramen
orbit
orbitonasal_foramen
Foramen that forms a passage for one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve into the nasal region.
orbitosphenoid
Endochondral ossification of the lateral sides of the braincase.
organizer
os_articulare
Ossified posterior articular portion of Meckel's cartilage.
os_basale
other_muscles
otic_ligament
otic_plate_of_pterygoid
Osseous expansion of the posterior and medial rami of the pterygoid.
otic_process_of_palatoquadrate
otic_ramus_of_squamosal
Ramus (process) that extends medially toward the otic capsule.
posterior ramus
ramus paroticus
otoccipital
Fused prootic and exoccipital bones.
ovary
palatine
neopalatine
Sliver of bone that invest part of or all the posterior aspect of each antorbital plane.
palatine_process_of_pars_palatina_of_premaxilla
median palatal squame
palatine_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla
palatine_teeth
palatoquadrate
Column of catilage, remnant in the adult of the larval palatoquadrate cartilage, that is located lateral or antero-lateral to the auditory capsule.
palatoquadrate_articular_process
paranasal_commissure
Cartilaginous bridge that extends posteriorly to the anterolateral corner of the posterior nasal wall.
commissura lateralis nasi
connection between lamina nariochoanalis and postnasal wall
processus lingularis
parasagittal_crest
parasphenoid
os parasphenoidale
keilbein
Azygous, median bone of intramembranous origin that underlies the ventral surface of the braincase.
os sphenoideum
parabasale
cultriform_process
pars medialis
rostrum
Process that extends anteriorly from the orbitotemporal region.
subotic_ala
processus lateralis
Paired, lateral processes that, when present, support the otic capsules ventrally.
parasphenoid_teeth
paries_nasi
Paired, elongate, ventrolaterally-orieted cartilaginous structures that extend to the premaxilla-maxilla articulation.
parietal
pars_amphibiorum
pars_articularis_of_mandibular_arch
Posterior end of Meckel's cartilage that forms the articular head of the mandibular arch.
pars_basilaris
pars_dentalis_of_maxilla
crista dentalis
Tooth-bearing part of the maxilla.
pars_dentalis_of_premaxilla
Tooth-bearing part of the premaxilla.
pars_externa_plectri
pars quadrata columellae
medio-stapedial
extracolumellare
extrapediale
hyostapes
extraplectral
extrastapes
pars_facialis_of_maxilla
pars_facialis_of_maxillopalatine
pars_inferior_of_labyrinth
pars_interna_plectri
Plate-like structure that lies in the fenestra ovalis. It arises within the membrana opercularis in the posterior part of the fenestra.
operculum fenestrae ovalis
operculum auris
pars_media_plectri
pars_palatina_of_maxilla
Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the maxilla.
lamina horizontalis
pars_palatina_of_premaxilla
Lingual ledge on the inner surface of the premaxilla.
pars_superior_of_labyrinth
pectoral_girdle
shoulder girdle
Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs.
pectoral_girdle_muscles
pelvic_girdle
Skeletal structure by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.
pelvic_girdle_muscles
perilymphatic_system
peripheral_nervous_system
pigment_cells
pila_antotica
pila_metoptica
pineal_foramen
planum_antorbitale
planum_conchale
planum_internasale
planum_terminale
pars terminalis
terminal plate
Vertical plate of cartilage that is fused posterodorsally to the oblique cartilage and anteriorly to the lamina inferior.
planum_triangulare
Cartilaginous, distal expansion of the lamina orbitonasalis that invests the pars facialis of the maxilla medially.
plectral_apparatus
Complex sound-conducting anatomical structure.
posterior_condyle
posterior_maxillary_process
Process that extends posteriorly from the planum triangulare and invests the maxilla laterally and the anterior ramus of the pterygoid medially.
posterior_maxillary_process_dorsal_process
posterior_mental_process
posterior_ramus_of_pterygoid
In a triradiate pterygoid, the process that extends posterolaterally towards the jaw articulation.
posterolateral_vomerine_process
postnasal_wall
Paired, anteriorly concave structures that form the posterior limit of nasal capsule. It consists of two parts: a ventral piece, the lamina orbitonasalis, and a dorsal plate that is part of the tectum nasi.
prearticular
Osseous element of intramembranous origin that extends along the lingual margin of Meckel's cartilage.
prearticular_coronoid_process
Point of insertion of the masticatory musculature.
prefrontal
premaxilla
intermaxillaire
premaxillary
Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch.
premaxillary_teeth
preorbital_process_of_the_pars_facialis_of_the_maxilla
presumptive_blood
presumptive_central_nervous_system
presumptive_ectoderm
presumptive_endoderm
presumptive_enteric_nervous_system
presumptive_epidermis
presumptive_hypochord
presumptive_integument
presumptive_mesoderm
presumptive_nervous_system
presumptive_notochord
presumptive_structure
primary_germ_layer
processus_ascendens_plectri
processus dorsalis columellae
processus superior columellae
laterohyale
Cartilaginous or ligamentous connection between the pars externa plectri and the crista parotica.
processus ascendens columellae
suprastapediale
processus_infrafenestralis
Posterior part of the corpus of the septomaxilla; the posterior surface of the processus infrafenestralis is in contact with the oblique cartilage.
dorsal crest
processus_internus
processus_lingualis_of_pterygoid
Dorsolateral process of the of the medial ramus of the pterygoid.
processus_posterior_of_maxilla
Posterior, toothless portion of the maxilla by which it usually comes in contact with the quadratojugal.
processus_pterygoideus_of_maxilla
Posterior end of the pars palatina of the maxilla that is in contact with the anterior ramus of the pterygoid.
processus_suprafenestralis
processus_zygomatico-maxillaris
Posterodorsal extension of the maxilla by which it establishes contact with the squamosal.
prootic
Paired, endochondral bones that form the lateral borders of the posterior portion of the braincase and the dorsal, anterior, and lateral walls of the otic capsules.
pseudoangular
pseudobasal_process
pseudodentary
pseudodentary_teeth
pterygoid
pterygoidien
Palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie anterior to the otic capsules, lateral to the orbits, and medial to the maxillae.
pterygoid_process_of_palatoquadrate
Process that extends anteriorly from the anterolateral margin of the palatoquadrate and articulates or synchondrotically fuses to the posterior end of the posterior maxillary process.
pterygoquadrate
quadrate_bone
Ossified pars articularis of the palatoquadrate cartilage.
quadrate_process_of_palatoquadrate
quadratojugal
Paired intramembranous bones that completes the maxillary arch posteriorly; they appear at the end of, or just after, metamorphosis.
quadrato-maxillare
quadrato-jugals
tympano maleaux
quadratojugale
jugau
quadratjochbeine
os jugale
recessus_fenestrae_ovalis
recessus_marsupiatus_of_premaxilla
recessus_vaginiformis
respiratory_system
reticular_connective_tissue
Network of reticular fibres (fine collagen) that form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
retroarticular_process
Point of insertion of the m. interhuoideus posterior.
rib
Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment.
dorsal rib
rostral_process
sacculus
saccus_endolymphaticus
sacrum
Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle.
sensory_system
septomaxilla
lacrimale
intranasal
nariale
le cornet
internasale
Paired, intramembranous bones located within the nasal capsules and embedded in the nasal cartilages; it is pierced by the ductus nasolacrimalis.
turbinale
os internasale
septomaxillary
os nariale
septum_nasi
Medial, vertical plate that separates the nasal capsules.
septum_semicircularium_anterior
septum_semicircularium_laterale
septum_semircularium_posterior
seydels_palatal_process
skeletal_support_for_eminentia_olfactoria
Elevation of the dorsal surface of the solum nasi medial to the fenestra endochoanalis that provides support for the eminentia olfactoria.
skeletal_system
System that provides physical support to the organism.
solum_nasi
planum basale
nasal floor
Unpaired, horizontal plate that forms the floor of the nasal capsule.
spatium_sacculare
specialized_connective_tissue
sphenethmoid
Azygous, endochondral bone that houses the anterior portion of the brain.
splenial
squamosal
os squamosum
Paired, intramembranous bones that lie at the posterolateral margins of the skull. These bones are composed of three rami that give the squamosals their characteristic T shape.
paraquadratum
os tympanicum
supratemporale
squamosum
tympanique
supratemporo-squamosum
temporo-mastoidien
stomach
stylus_of_pars_media_plectri
stilus columellare
columella auris
columellare
os columellare
os intermedium
stapes
stelidium
mesostapediale
mediostapediale
sulcus_dentalis_of_maxilla
Groove located between the pars dentalis and the bases of the maxillary teeth.
sulcus_dentalis_of_premaxilla
sulcus_for_Meckels_cartilage
superior_prenasal_cartilage
Paired, elongate cartilages that extend anteroventrally to abut the dorsomedial margin of the posterior face of the alary process of the premaxilla. The function of these cartilages is to transmit the movement of the premaxilla to the alary cartilages during the closure of the apertura nasalis externa.
supraangular
supraoccipital
supraorbital_flange
suprasphenoid
Endochondral ossification of the dorsomedial portion of the braincase.
suspensorium
Apparatus located toward the posterolateral end of the skull, at the level of the anterior margin of the otic capsule that suspends and braces the jaw against the skull.
symphysis_maxillaris
taenia_tecti_marginalis
tectum_nasi
Roof of the nasal capsule.
tectum_synoticum
tentacular_foramen
testis
tissue
trochlear_foramen
trunk_muscles
trunk_region
thoracolumbar region
presacral region
Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.
tympanic_annulus
Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane.
tympanic ring
processus basilaris
annulus tympanicus
tympanosquamosal
Central, funnel-shaped, ossified portion of the tympanic annulus fused to the squamosal bone.
upper_jaw
Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.
upper_jaw_opening
upper_jaw_skeleton
urinary_bladder
urogenital_system
utriculus
ventral_ramus_of_squamosal
Longest of the three squamosal rami; it invests the dorsolateral margin of the palatoquadrate. The distal end of the ventral ramus invests the quadrate and articulates with the quadratojugal.
processus posterolateralis
ventrolateral_process_of_palatoquadrate
vestibuloauditory_system
visual_system
vomer
prevomer
Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules .
praevomer
vomerine_canal
vomerine_teeth
Wolffian_duct
zygomatic_ramus_of_squamosal
Ramus (process) that forms part of the posterior margin of the orbit.
arcus_praeoccipitalis
Skeletal structure that separates the inferior and superior perilymphatic foramina.
mandibular_teeth
maxillopalatine_teeth
nasolarimal_duct
ductus nasolacrimalis
nasal duct
canalis nasolacrimalis
processus_lingularis
lingular process
Rod-shaped process that extends caudally from the inferior edge of the planum terminale.
corpus
Basal part of the septomaxilla.
pars horizontalis
margo_libera
Anterior, rounded portion of the corpus of the septomaxilla.
crista_interna
Sharp ridge that extends medially from the basal part of the processus infrafenestralis; it separates the diverticulum proncipale from the diverticulum medium.
crista_praeopercularis
Synchondrotic or synostotic connection between the footplate of the pars media plectri and the ventral margin of the fenestra ovalis.
anterior_process_of_vomer
Process that extends anterolaterally toward the maxilla-premaxilla articulation.
processus_frontalis
processus praeorbitalis of the pars facialis
Anterio portion of the maxilla that may contact the nasal and take part in the formation of a groove for the nasolacrimal duct.
lamina_anterior_of_maxilla
Most anterior part of the maxilla, which is in contact with the premaxilla.
fossa_maxillaris
Depression lacated on the inner surface of the maxilla between the palatine process and the pars palatina.
pars_glenoidalis_of_quadratojugal
Portion of the quadratojugal that makes contact dorsally with the distal portion of the squamosal.
pars_jugalis
Anterior part of the quadratojugal that is in contact with the processus posterior of the maxilla.
processus_dorsalis
Dorsal process of the lamella alaris located at the anterior end of the margo orbitalis; a narrow ligament that runs from the frontoparietal is attached to it.
processus_posterodorsalis
Posterior process of the lamella alaris.
dentigerous_ process
torus dentigerous
Tooth-bearing process of the vomer.
prechoanal_process
processus choanalis anterior
Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the postchoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process.
postchoanal_process
processus choanalis posterior
Process that extends laterally from the anterior process; its bifurcation from the prechoanal process occurs at the level of the dentigerous process.
margo_choanalis
Margin between the prechoanal and postchoanal process. It bounds the fenestra endochoanalis.
crista_vomeri
Ridge on the dorsal surface of the vomer that runs from the anterior to the postchoanal processes of the vomer; it takes part in the fixation of the bone to the lateral margin of the solum nasi.
processus_posterior
Posterior projection of the median part of the parsphenoid, which may extend over the posterior margins of the subotic alae.
parahyoid
hyoid_plate
Azygous or paired bone that occurs on the ventral surface of the hyoid plate.
hyobranchial_skeleton
ceratohyal
ceratohyale
hyale
hyoid
keratohyale
zungenbeinknorpel
Paired elements that lie ventral to the hypobranchials and curve dorsally from their medial articulation with basibranchial toward the suspensorium.
pars_reuniens
Area of fusion of the ceratohyals.
hypoglossal_sinus
anterior_process_of_hyoid_apparatus
anterolateral_process_of_hyoid_plate
Processes that flank the hyales laterally and extend anterolaterally from the anterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. They are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial.
processus lateralis anterior
processus anterolateralis
posterolateral_process
Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterolateral margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are formed as a result of new cartilaginous growth lateral to the basibranchial and hypobranchial plate.
posteromedial_process
cornua posteriores
Cartilaginous, paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes invest the laryngeal apparatus and are ossified in the adult.
arytenoid_cartilage
cartilago arytaenoidea
Paired, anteroposteriorly elongated cartilages that are associated with the vocal cords. These cartilages are medially separated and hemispherical, and their concave side faces ventromedially.
cricoid_cartilage
cartilago cricotrachealis
cartilago cricoidea
Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V.
bronchial_process
Paired processes that extend posteroventrally from the anterolateral margins of the cricoid ring.
processus trachealis
lateral_process
esophageal_process
spina oesophagea
Median process located on the posterior end of the cricoid cartilage.
humerus
Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows.
manubrium
Proximal section of the hyale.
processus anteriores
hyoid_apparatus_opening
hyoid_apparatus_skeleton
sinus_nervi_hypoglossi
Depression that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale.
hyoid_bone
Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus.
ossa thyroidea
os postero-mediale
foramen_nervi_hypoglossi
foramen laterale
Foramen that houses the hypoglossus nerve and is located between the anterolateral process and the proximal part of the hyale.
basibranchial
copula I
Medial element to which other parts of the hyoid apparatus are attached.
processus_confluens
Strip of cartilage that forms the lateral margin of the foramen nervi hypoglossi.
prominentia_apicalis_dorsalis
Anterior end of the arytenoid cartilage.
prominentia apicalis anterior
prominentia_apicalis_ventralis
prominentia apicalis posterior
Posterior (cardiac) end of the arytenoid cartilage.
wrisbergi_cartilage
cartilago apicalis intermedia
cartilago apicalis seu cartilago santoriniana
Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages.
vertebra
Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum.
pedicel
Paired stalks located dorsolateral to the vertebral centrum that provide support to the lateral margins of the neural arch laminae.
neural_canal
spinal canal
Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord.
foramen vertebrale
atlantal_cotyle
cavitas glenoidalis
Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the condyle(s) of the urostyle.
neural_arch_lamina
Paired plates that form the neural arch. The lateral margin of each lamina rests dorsal to the superior end of the pedicel, and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina.
posterior_intervertebral_notch
Indentation on the anterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space.
centrum
Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord.
transverse_process
Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae.
vertebral_column_skeleton
vertebral_column_opening
intervertebral_space
intervertebral space
Space formed by the anterior and posterior intervertebral notches. The intervertebral spaces accommodate the spinal nerves as they emerge from the spinal canal.
postzygapophysis
Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra.
processus obliquus posterior
prezygapophysis
Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra.
processus obliquus anterior
anterior_intervertebral_notch
Indentation on the posterior margin of the pedicel. When two vertebrae articulate, the anterior notch of one vertebra and the posterior notch of the other create a bilateral intervertebral space.
neural_spine
Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process.
processus spinosus
diapophysis
Paired processes that arise near the midpoint of the neural arch lamina, for the attachment of the tuberculum of two-headed ribs. Also called transverse processes. In anurans, the term diapophysis is used in reference to the modified transverse processes of the sacral vertebra elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle.
pleurapophysis
Paired processes that represent the rib attachments to the vertebra plus the ribs.
parapophysis
Paired processes, which arise near the dorsolateral part of the vertebral centrum, for the attachment of the capitulum of two-headed ribs.
atlas
presacral I
First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull.
zygapophysis
Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region.
processus articularis
procoelous
Holochordal vertebral centra that are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the posterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions.
opisthocoelous
Ectochordal or stegochordal vertebral centra that are convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly; they bear a condyle on the anterior end for the articulation with the posterior adjacent vertebral centrum, forming a ball-and-socket joint that allows extensive motion in most directions.
epichordal
Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the dorsal portion of the perichordal tube; the resulting element tends to be depressed in cross section.
perichordal
Vertebral centrum that originates from ossification of the entire perichordal tube; the resulting element is cylindrical in cross section and may have an open (notochord retained) or solid center.
heterocoelous
Vertebral centrum that bears saddle-shaped articular surfaces at both ends, having a convexity in the right-left axis and a concavity in the dorsoventral axis. This morphology allows great lateral and vertical flexion.
acoelous
Vertebral centrum with flat ends. Between successive vertebrae there is a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral body with a gel-like core, the nucleus pulposus, which is derived from the embryonic notochord. Acoelous vertebrae seem especially suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column.
amphicoelous
Ectochordal, biconcave or terminally flat vertebral centrum. This design seems to allow limited motion in most directions. An intervertebral body (which may or may not be independent from the adjacent centra) fills the cavity between successive centra. The intervertebral body usually is formed by soft material that may be derived, at least in part, from the embryonic notochord.
ectochordal
Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with an open center in which the notochord lies.
holochordal
Spool-shaped vertebral centrum with a solid center. All traces of the notochord dissapear.
stegochordal
Vertebral centrum that is depressed dorsoventrally and solid. All traces of the notochord dissapear.
odontoid_process
tuberculum interglenoideum
Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen.
tuberculum
Dorsal head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the diapophysis.
capitulum_of_rib
Ventral head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the parapophysis.
sacral_region
Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae.
neural_arch
Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally.
carina neuralis
haemal_arch
ventral arch
Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra.
haemal_arch_lamina
Paired plates that form the haemal arch. The lateral margin of each lamina is firmly attached to the ventral surface of the caudal vertebral centrum and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina.
nucal_keel
Longitudinal process found in all cervical vertebrae, except the atlas, for the attachment of dorsal head musculature.
spinal_foramen
Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal.
foramen_nutritium
Opening on the lateral side of the vertebra for the passage of blood vessels.
coccyx
Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.
urostyle
Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord.
os coccygei
hypochord
Unsegmented ventral structure in the caudal region of anuran larvae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.
vertebral_column
mid-dorsal_keel
Ridge-shaped structure present on the dorsomedial surface of the neural arch lamina; this structure is produced at the point of junction of the contralateral sides of each neural arch.
crista_ventralis
crista_ventralis_humeri
deltoid crest
Ridge on the ventral aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the glenoid head to about one-third to one-half the lenfth of the shaft. It serves for the attachment of the mm pectoralis and supra-coracoideus.
perichordal_tube
Coat around the notochord that originates from cells derived from the sclerotomes.
perichordal_ring
Segmental sections of the perichordal tube that give rise to vertebrae.
spinous_process
Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine.
synsacrum
Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end.
uncinate_process
Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior.
epiphysis
Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column.
sacral_condyle
Anterior, paired convex facets for articulation with the cotyle(s) of the urostyle.
urostyle_cotyle
fossa condyloidea ossis coccygei
Anterior, single or paired concave facets for articulation with the sacral condyle(s).
webbing_of_bone
In anurans, pair of bony plates that connect the posteromedial margins of the sacral diapophyses with the lateral margins of the anterior portion of the urostyle.
urostyle_ridge
Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the urostyle formed by the caudal neural arches.
crista ossi coccygei
appendicular_skeleton
The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.
suprascapula
scapula major
omolita
episcapulum
adscapulum
Paired, cartilaginous elements located in the dorsolateral shoulder region. Each suprascapula is a flat broad blade that extends medially.
glenoid_fossa
Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle.
glenoid cavity
cleithrum
Paired bones of intramembranous origin. Each cleithrum extends medially from a point near the suprascapular-scapular articulation to invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, and occasionoally it may extend to the dorsal (medial) surface. Usually, this bone is bifurcate.
scapula
omoplate
lower shoulder blade
scapula minor
collum scapulae
Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral.
pars_acromialis
Prominent structure (anteromedial head) that forms the anterior section of the ventral margin of the scapula.
pars_glenoidalis_of_scapula
Concave structure (posteromedial head) that forms the posterior head of the ventral margin of the scapula. The pars glenoidalis articulates with the humerus, and comprises the dorsal portion of the glenoid fossa.
pectoral_girdle_skeleton
pectoral_girdle_opening
crista_dorsalis
Small hooked process on the dorsal aspect of the humeral shaft; it does not extend on to the glenoid head. The m subscapularis is inserted on it.
crista_dorsalis_humeri
zonal_area
All those parts of the pectoral girdle ventral and medial to the glenoid fossa.
lateral_epicondyle
Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris.
epicondylus_lateralis_humeri
omosternum
episternum
interclavicle
prezonal element
prezonal sternum
sternum superior
Proximal portion of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle. It may be a flat, midventral cartilaginous structure or a calcified or bony element elaborated into a stylum.
procoracoid
Cartilaginous, paired structures located on the anterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle.
precoracoid
clavicle
acromial
furcula
os thoracale
Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids.
epicoracoid
corpus sterni
coracoid cartilage
entosternal
infracoracoid
Paired, flat cartilaginous arches that compose the central portion of the zonal area, unites the clavicle and coracoid of each half of the pectoral girdle, and form the medial margins of the pectoral fenestrae.
sterni ossa media
epicoracoid_bridge
procoracoid bridge
A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project anteriorly. They articulate anteriorly with the omosternum.
coracoid
coracoideum
clavicula vera
Paired cartilaginous structures or endochondral bones located on the posterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle.
pars sternalis scapulae
coracoidien
clavicula posterior
clavicula
sternum
hyposternum
Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle.
sternum inferius
cartilaginula quadrata intermedia
pelvic_girdle_opening
pelvic_girdle_skeleton
pelvic_girdle_symphisis
Medial attachement of the two halves of the pelvic girdle.
acetabulum
Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb.
cavite cotyloide
acetabular_depression
Central, most concave portion of the acetabulum, which remains open.
ilium
os ischii
Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle.
ilial_ridge
ala ossis ilei
Longitudinal crest on the dorsal side of the shaft of the ilium.
ilial_shaft
Anterior rod that articulates with the sacrum.
ilial_corpus
Posterior body of the illium that forms the anterior half of the acetabulum.
glenoid_foramen
Opening on the glenoid fossa.
epicoracoid_horn
A pair of cartilaginous expansions (one from each epicoracoid cartilage) that project posteriorly. They articulate with the sternum by means of grooves, pouches or fossae in the dorsal surface of the sternum and provide a site for the insertion of a pair of muscles derived from the m. rectus abdominis.
supracoracoid_foramen
Opening on the scapulocoracoid bone through which passes the n. supracoracoideus and the corresponding artery and vein.
foramen supracoracoideum
pectoral_fenestra
Ovoid space on the pectoral girdle limited anteriorly by the procoracoid, medially by the epicoracoid, and posteriorly by the coracoid.
fenestra between procoracoid and coracoid
incisura_coracoidea
Notch that separates the cartilaginous regions of the procoracoid and coracoid.
scapulocoracoid
Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid.
medial_epicondyle
epicondylus_medialis_humeri
Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle.
fovea_capitis
Ovoid roughened pit, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and serves as a site of attachment for ligaments.
ulnar_condyle
Semi-elliptical ball located at the lower end of the humerus, adjacent to the humeral ball.
trochlear_groove_of_humerus
Furrow between the humeral head and the ulnar condyle.
fossa_cubitalis_ventralis
Depresion on the distal end of the humerus, just anterior to the humeral head, in which the end of the radius fits when the forelimb is flexed.
collum_antibrachii
In a fused radio-ulna, the proximal portion of the compound bone (where the sulcus longitudinalis is barely evident or absent) is a cylindrical pillar.
radius
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.
ulna
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.
radiale
One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements.
Distal, flat, cartilaginous element of the prezonal element of the pectoral girdle.
anterior_ramus_of cleithrum
Subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the anterior edge of the suprascapula.
anomocoelous
Stegochordal slightly biconcave or flat terminally vertebral centrum. Each intervertebral cartilage is subdivided anteriorly and posteriorly, producing a free intervertebral element between adjacent vertebrae. This element subsequently ossifies and remains free.
displasiocoelous
Vertebral column in which the first seven vertebrae have holochordal centra and the intervertebral cartilages are posteriorly subdivided in the procoelous manner. The eighth presacral vertebra has a holochordal centrum and the intervertebral cartilage is subdivided in the opisthocoelous manner. Thus, the first seven presacral vertebrae are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, whereas the eighth is biconcave.
intervertebral_cartilage
Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra.
imbricate_neural_arch
Overlapping neural arches that obscure the spinal cord dorsally.
non-imbricate_neural_arch
Neural arches that do not overlap, thus exposing the spinal cord dorsally.
presacral_shield
Dorsal, dermal plate of bone that overlies the presacral vertebrae. Such shield usually has irregular, sculptured surfaces, frequently is broadly expanded, and may be composed of several separate plates.
cartilago_paraglenoidalis
Strip of cartilage that separates the coracoid from the scapula.
intercotylar_space
spatium interglenoidale
Space between the atlantal cotyles.
caput_glenoidale
Convex articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum.
fossa_glenoidalis
Concave articular facet of the vertebral centrum for the articulation with the adjacent centrum.
sulcus_articularis_lateralis
In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the lateral canal between the carina distalis and the carina medialis.
sulcus_articularis_medialis
In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial canal between the carina medialis and the carina proximalis.
carina_proximalis
In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the proximal ridge.
carina_medialis
In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the medial ridge.
carina_distalis
In a zygapophysis that has ridges and sulci, the distal ridge.
parasagittal_processes
Paired, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina.
accessory_articulation
Paired, additional vertebral articulations located medial to the intervertebral space, adjacent to the vertebral centrum.
fissura_sagittalis
Medial groove in the longitudinal ridge of the urostyle formed by the incomplete dorsal fusion of the caudal neural arches.
glenoid_end_of_clavicle
Lateral end of the clavicle, which usually lies in close proximity to the pars acromialis of the scapula, and occassionally may fuse to it.
extremitas glenoidalis
sternal_end_of_clavicle
medial end
Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge.
extremitas medialis
sulcus_pro_cartilagine_praecoracoidealis
Canal on the posterior aspect of the clavicle that accomodates the anterior margin of the procoracoid cartilage.
glenoid_head_of_coracoid
Lateral end of the coracoid, which forms the medial portion of the glenoid fossa.
intumescentia_glenoidalis
sternal_head_of_coracoid
pars epicoracoidealis
Medial end of the coracoid, which is synchondrotically fused to the epicoracoid cartilage.
margo_fenestralis
Anterior margin of the coracoid, which forms the posterior edge of the pectoral fenestra.
margo_posterior
Posterior margin of the coracoid.
margo_anterior_of_scapula
Anterior margin of the scapula.
margo_clavicularis
Inferior margin of the pars acromialis of the scapula, which articulates with the clavicule.
margo_posterior_of_scapula
Posterior margin of the scapula.
margo_suprascapularis
Superior margin of the scapula, which articulates with the suprascapula.
pars_suprascapularis
Superior portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft.
sinus_interglenoidalis
Notch or indentation between the pars glenoidalis and pars acromialis of the scapula.
tenuitas_cristaeformis
Leading (anterior) portion of the scapula, which is thinner than the rest of the shaft.
crista_longitudinalis
Longitudinal ridge on the medial (inner) face of the scapula.
acromion
Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula.
margo_anterior_of_cleithrum
Anterior margin of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum.
margo_posterior_of_cleithrum
Posterior margin of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum.
margo_scapularis
Lateral margin of the suprascapula, which articulates with the scapula.
margo_vertebralis
Medial margin of the suprascapula, which lies dorsal to the vertebral column.
spina_acromioidea
Small process of the lamina recurvata that extends laterally toward the scapular-suprascapular articulation.
anterior_lamina_recurvata
Portion of the anterior ramus of the cleithrum that invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface.
sinus_dorsalis
Notch or indentation between the anterior and posterior rami of the cleithrum.
posterior_lamina_recurvata
Portion of the posterior ramus of the cleithrum that invests the posterior margin of the suprascapula, extending onto its dorsal surface.
glenoid_head
caput humeri
Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint.
crista_lateralis
Ridge on the lateral aspect of the humeral shaft located just anterior to the radial (lateral) epicondyle.
crista_medialis
Ridge on the medial aspect of the humeral shaft that extends from the level of the middle portion of the shaft to ulnar (medial) epicondyle.
humeral_head
Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process.
radial condyle
eminentia capitata
crista_radii
Small ridge on the lateral aspect of the radial shaft, located at the level of the collum antibrachii.
capitulum_of_radius
Lateral portion of the proximal (upper) articular surface of the radius that consists of an eminence with a rounded apex.
capitulum_radii
Small eminence on the distal articular head of the radius.
capitulum_ulnae
Small eminence on the distal articular head of the ulna.
olecranon
Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head.
ulnar_process
sulcus_longitudinalis
In a fused radio-ulna, longitudinal furrow that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements. This sulcus is deep in the distal portion of the compound bone, but barely evident or absent at the proximal end.
ulnare
One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements.
element_Y_of_fore_mesopodium
Oval carpal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the radiale and the anterolateral side of the ulnare. Anteriorly, it articulates with carpals 1 through 4 (or 2 through 5 according to some authors). It is also recognized as centrale by some authors. This element originates from one, two, or three condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 2(1), carpal 3(2), the ulnare, or other elements.
distal_carpal
basale
Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals.
carpal_2(1)
Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2).
carpal_3(2)
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements.
carpal_4(3)
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements.
carpal_5(4)
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(V). It may be fused to carpal 4(3), 5(4), the ulnare, radiale, or other elements.
prepollex
Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements.
cartilago_pre-pollicis
metacarpal_II(I)
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally.
metacarpal_III(II)
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally.
metacarpal_V(IV)
Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally.
intercalary_element_of_fore_digit
Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the manus. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally.
fore_digit
One of the fingers of the manus.
forelimb_opening
foramen_perforans_carpi
Opening for the passage of the perforans carpi artery from the ventral to the dorsal side. It perforates the compound ulnare + intermedium.
ischium
Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum.
pubis
cartilago remanens
Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another.
pubo-ischium
Composite element formed by the fusion of the ischium and pubis.
ilio-pubis
obturator_foramen
Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis.
acetabular_rim
Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin.
epileon
Dorsal extremity of the ilial shaft, which remains cartilaginous.
agger_limitans_anterior
Shelf-like expansion of the ilial corpus that forms the anterior border of the acetabulum.
agger_limitans_posterior
Shelf-like expansion of the ischium that forms the posterior border of the acetabulum.
supra-acetabular_expansion
Dorsal portion of the ilial corpus, located above the acetabulum.
pars ascendens ilei
dorsal acetabular expansion
ilial_protuberance
Small, dorsolaterally projecting knob located just anterior to the supra-acetabular expansion and about the level of the anterior border of the acetabulum.
dorsal protuberance
tuber_superior
preacetabular_expansion
Ventral portion of the ilial corpus, located anteroventral to the acetabulum.
ventral acetabular expansion
pars descendens ilei
fossula_tuberis_superioris
Small depression dorsal to the proximal portion of the collum ilei and ventral to the ilial protuberance.
collum_ilei
Cyllindrical pillar that originates anterior to the acetabulum and extends to the ilial shaft.
pars_cylindriformis_ilei
Elongate, cylindrical structure on the ventral side of the shaft of the ilium that extends through its entire length.
crista_ischii
Crest on the posterior side of the ischium, which may also extend to the posteroventral aspect of pubis.
spina_pelvis_posterior
Small, rounded process on the anterodorsal margin of the ischium, just posterior to the area of articulation with the ilium.
spina_pelvis_anterior
Small, rounded process on the anteroventral margin of the preacetabular expansion of the ilial corpus.
intumescentia_bilateralis_inferior
Small protuberance on the ischium, located close to its posteroventral margin.
intumescentia_bilateralis_superior
Small protuberance on the ischium, located at the level of the superior margin of the acetabulum and close to its posterior margin.
incisura_terminalis
Small indentation on the posterior margin of the ischium, ventral to the intumescentia bilateralis superior.
crista_hypertrophica
Large protuberance on the dorsal aspect of the ischium that extends from the ischio-ilium articulation to the spina pelvis posterior.
lamina_terminalis
In those cases in which the interilial region is broadly expanded and the pubis is extremely reduced, the anterior margin of the ischium forms an expanded area.
interilial_region
Area of convergence of the ilial shafts. When the preacetabular ilium is narrow, the interilial configuration is V-shaped or narrowly rounded, whereas when the interilial region is broadly expanded the interilial configuration is U-shaped.
recessus_coccygealis
Area dorsal to the pelvic girdle symphysis, between the dorsal portions of the ilial corpora, where lies the posterior terminus of the urostyle.
epipubis
Small prepubic element formed by a plate of cartilage (which may calcify in the adult) that is synchondrotically united with the pubis.
postpubis
Paired cartilaginous rods that lie within the copulatory organ (or so-called tail) and are attached to the posteroventral part of the pelvic girdle.
Nobelian bone
ypsiloid_cartilage
cartilago ypsiloides
cartilago ypsiloidea
Y-shaped cartilage lying in the middle line, anterior to the pubo-ischium with which it articulates. It lies dorsal to the rectus abdominis muscle with which it articulates.
abdominal sternum
cartilago marsupial
Cartilago epipubes
hind_propodium
Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus.
hind_digit
One of the toes of the pes.
femur
Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees.
tibia
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion.
fibula
One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length.
acetabular_head
caput femoris
Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum.
distal_head
Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
femoral_ridge
crista femoris
Low crest that arises just behind the acetabular head and extends distally for about one-third the length of the femoral shaft.
trochlear_groove_of_femur
Canal on the posteroventral surface of the acetabular head, which articulates with the ischial process on the rim of the acetabulum.
foveal_depression
Ovoid roughened pit situated on the dorsal and anteroventral surface of the acetabular head wherein the ligaments attaching the bone to the acetabulum are inserted.
femoral_trochanter
Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur.
trochanteric_crest
Paired ridges on the ventral surface of the femoral shaft that run toward the femoral trochanter; the posterior crest is less developed.
tibial_condyle
Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia.
fibular_condyle
Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula.
radio-ulna
Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna.
tibiofibula
os cruris
Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles.
tibial_crest
Ridge that arises from the dorso-masial side of the extensor surface of the tibia. It receives the insertion of the tendon of the extensor ilio-tibialis muscle.
apophysis_distalis_of_tibiofibula
Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal head of the tibiofibula.
caput_ossis_cruris
Proximal head of the tibiofibula that articulates with the distal head of the femur.
sulcus_pro_musculo_extensori_cruris_brevis
Small canal on the proximal head of to the tibiofibula, lateral to the apophysis distalis, for the insertion of the cruris brevis muscle.
eminentia_arcuata
Small crest on the extensor surface of the proximal head of the tibiofibula (tibial side).
sulcus_distalis_ossis_cruris
In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the distal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements.
sulcus_proximalis_ossis_cruris
In a fused tibiofibula, longitudinal furrow in the proximal portion of the compound bone that demarcates the area of fusion of both elements.
hind_limb_opening
foramen_nutritium_exterius
Foramen for the tibial artery and vein and the deep peroneal nerve; it pierces through the midpoint of the shaft of the tibiofibula.
tibiale
One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The tibiale constitutes the postaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the fibulare.
calcaneus
fibulare
astragalus
One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale.
distal_tarsal
Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals.
spatium_intertarsale
Separation of the tibiale and fibulare along their longitudinal axia.
apophysis_proximalis
Swelling on the extensor surface of the proximal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare.
apophysis_distalis_of_tibiale_fibulare
Swelling on the extensor surface of the distal compound head of the tibiale and fibulare.
tarsal_1
Small element that articulates with the prehallux, metatarsal I and element Y. It may be fused to tarsal 2.
tarsal_2
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal II. It may be fused to tarsal 1 or to tarsal 3.
tarsal_3
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal III. It may be fused to tarsal 2.
element_Y_of_hind_mesopodium
Oval tarsal element that is located on the anteromedial side of the tibiale. Anteriorly, it articulates with the proximal prehallux, tarsals 1, 2, and 3.
prehallux
One to three or four elements located ventral and medial to the metatarsal of digit I. When more than one elements are present, they are smaller than the proximal prehallux.
intermedium
Small, wedge-shaped tarsal element of which the thiner edge projects between the tibia and fibula, thus separating the distal ends of this two bones. Distally, it articulates with the centrale, fibulare, and tibiale.
centrale
Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5.
metatarsal_I
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally.
metatarsal_II
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally.
metatarsal_III
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally.
metatarsal_IV
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally.
metatarsal_V
Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally.
phalanges_of_hind_digit
Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2).
intercalary_element_of_hind_digit
Small elements of endochondral origin present in all digits of the pes. Each intercalary element articulates with the anteroventral end of the penultimate phalanx proximally and the distal phalanx distally.
tarsal_4
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal IV. It may be absent in some taxa.
tarsal_5
Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal V. It may be absent in some taxa.
foramen_perforans_tarsi
Small opening between the centrale and fibulare that allows the perforans tarsi artery to pass from the ventral to the dorsal side of the ankle.
scapular_area
pars scapularis
scapula et adscapulum
scapula-suprascapula area
Dorso-lateral portion of the pectoral girdle.
scapulum et episcapulum
zonal_element
All those parts of the pectoral girdle in the central region of the zonal area.
prezonal_element
All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lie anterior to the zonal area.
postzonal_element
All those parts of the pectoral girdle that lies posterior to the zonal area.
mesosternum
Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified.
xiphisternum
Distal, cartilaginous portion of the sternum.
metasternum
arciferal_girdle
Pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are elaborated into posteriorly directed epicoracoid horns. Most arciferal pectoral girdles are characterized by fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region. Posterior to the clavicles, the epicoracoids usually are free and overlapping.
firmisternal_girdle
Pectoral girdle that lacks epicoracoid horns. The sternum is fused to the pectoral arch, and the epicoracoid cartilages of each half of the girdle are fused to one another. The midzonal length of the girdle is shorter than that of an arciferal girdle, but pre- and postzonal elements tend to be longer.
pseudofirmisternal_girdle
Modified arciferal pectoral girdle in which the fusion of the epicoracoid cartilages in the interclavicle region is extended posteriorly. Thus, the cartilages no longer overlap freely, and functionally a partially firmisternal condition is created.
pseudoarciferal_girdle
Modified firmisternal pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are partly free and overlapping; however, the epicoracoids are fused to one another and the sternum postermodially.
inscriptional_rib
abdominal ribs
Three pairs of cartilaginous elements posterior to the sternum that lie in the myosepta of the ventral trunk musculature.
fore_metapodium
Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.
phalanges_of_fore_digit
Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3.
articular_process
Paired processes located on the anterior end of the cricoid cartilage.
processus articularis anterior
posterior_ramus_of_cleithrum
Laminar subdivision of the cleithrum that extends along the ventral (lateral) midbody of the suprascapula.
os_triangulare
basi-branchial II
os triquetum
os thyroideum
Small, broadly triangular bar of bone lying across the ventral side of the pharynx at the junction of the M. genio-hyoideus and the M. rectus cervicis superficialis.
anterior_radial
Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. These elements contitute the hypohyals.
posterior_radial
Paired, horn-like processes of basibranchial I that protrude in an antero-dorso-lateral direction, being more or less embedded in the tongue musculature. They arise secondarily during metamorphosis, and are therefore not strictly part of the visceral skeleton.
ceratobranchials_II--IV
Paired bars that articulate with hypobranchial II. Reduction of loss of these elements is common in salamanders.
epibranchials
hypobranchial_I
Paired bar that articulates with basibranchial I. It forms the anterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid.
ceratobranchial_I
epibranchial
Paired bar that articulates with, or is fused to, hypobranchial I. It forms the posterior portion of the posterior cornu of the hyoid.
hypobranchial_II
Paired bar that articulates anteriorly with basibranchial I and posteriorly with ceratobranchials II--IV.
basihyal
Paired, anterior element that articulates medially with basibranchial I and posterolaterally with the paired hypohyals.
hypohyal
Paired element that articulates anterioly with the basihyal and posteriorly with the ceratohyal hypohyals.